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Solar Panels: 3 Types, Working & Manufacturing Process

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Solar panels

Solar panels are used to generate electricity by solar energy. Solar panels are a combined formation of solar cells. Solar cells (PV cells) are first developed in 1954, in the United States when Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson at Bell Labs.

The invention of solar cells is a great success in future energy sources for the world.

The main source of solar energy is SUN, which is always available, so solar energy is always available without any other environmental or natural resource disturbance. Solar doesn’t harmful to the environment so it is a Green Energy Resource of energy.

Here we will discuss Only Solar panels. Mainly, the working Process, Types of solar panels, the manufacturing process of solar Panels, and available manufacturing companies in India.

Working Process of Solar cell

A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell, is a device that converts light energy directly into electrical energy. Here is the working process of a solar cell:

The solar cell is made up of semiconductor material, such as silicon, that is designed to absorb photons of sunlight. When sunlight hits the solar cell, the photons are absorbed, exciting the electrons in the semiconductor material.

The excited electrons in the semiconductor material are then able to move freely within the material, creating an electric current.

The electric current generated by the excited electrons is due to the separation of electrons and holes. Holes are the absence of electrons in the semiconductor material. When a photon of sunlight is absorbed, an electron is excited from its normal position and leaves behind a hole.

The solar cell has an electric field that pushes the free electrons toward the top of the cell, while the holes are pushed toward the bottom. This results in the generation of a voltage difference between the top and bottom of the cell, creating an electric potential.

The electric potential generated by the solar cell can be used to power electrical devices or it can be stored in a battery for later use.

A solar cell works by absorbing photons of sunlight and converting the energy into an electric current through the separation of electrons and holes in a semiconductor material.

Manufacturing Process of Solar Cell

The solar cell is made up of a semiconductor material silicon.

First of all, silica sand (Silicon dioxide) is used to extract the Silicon. By the way, Silica is the second most available material on the earth’s crust. Sand with coal melted at 2000 degrees Celsius results in metallurgical-grade silicon with 99% purity. When it solidifies it transforms into a shiny crystal solid.

For the Purity of Silicon further, Liquify the silicon and cleaning by distillation it and depositing it onto a silicon seed sample. Since it is a very difficult process so for this process transformation of everywhere available soil on the earth’s crust into Silicon very heavy and difficult types of machinery requires.

It is deposited into bars and in the next step broken into slices.

Further for the flow of electrons, increase the surface area of the slice top area, development of P-N junction, and collection of electrons next steps done.

Aluminum/Boron in the downward layer and phosphorus in the upper side of the silicon slice are added for the formation of electrons. This process of adding aluminum and phosphorus is called Doping. As result, two different layers are created and in middle, a resistance wall creates which is called the Depletion zone.

by applying a layer of phosphorous to one side of the silicon wafer, and a layer of boron to the other side. This creates a positive and negative charge, which is necessary for the cell to generate electricity when exposed to sunlight.

Manufacturing Process of Solar Panels

A combination of solar cells makes Solar panels.

For Solar Panel manufacturing some manufacturers who start with low investment can purchase Solar cells and by assembling and framing them can be manufacturers of Solar Panels.

Once the solar cells have been created, they are interconnected using metal conductors to form a solar panel. This involves soldering metal ribbons to the top and bottom of each cell and then connecting them together.

The solar cells are then placed between two sheets of glass and sealed with a special adhesive. This creates a protective layer that helps to prevent damage to the cells from weather, moisture, and other environmental factors.

The final step is to assemble the frame for the solar panel. This involves attaching the glass and encapsulated solar cells to a metal frame, which provides support and protection for the panel

Now solar panel has been assembled, it is ready to be tested and then installed for use in a solar energy system.

Types of Solar Panels

Solar panels can be classified mainly three types based on efficiency and type of solar cell material used:

  1. Monocrystalline Solar Panels
  2. Polycrystalline Solar Panels
  3. Thin-Film Solar Panels

1. Monocrystalline Solar Panels:

 These are made from a single crystal of high-purity silicon, and they are the most efficient type of solar panel. They are also the most expensive to produce solar power. Monocrystalline solar panels are recognizable by their dark, uniform appearance. Solar cells’ shape will not be actually rectangular but all four-corner cut down. It has a maximum efficiency of electricity production. This kind of solar panel can produce electricity in low sunlight or in the cloudy day also.

2. Polycrystalline Solar Panels:

These are made from multiple fragments of silicon melted together to form a single panel. They are less expensive to produce than monocrystalline panels, but they are also slightly less efficient. Polycrystalline solar panels are recognizable by their blue-speckled appearance. Solar cells be rectangular in shape. The efficiency of this kind of solar panel is low compared to Monocrystalline solar panels. It needs high sun rays to produce electricity.

3. Thin-Film Solar Panels:

These are made by depositing layers of semiconductor materials onto a substrate, such as glass or plastic. They are the least expensive to produce, but they are also the least efficient. Thin-film solar panels are recognizable by their uniform, matte appearance and can come in different types including Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), and Amorphous Silicon (a-Si). Less used products due to less energy production in large-size solar power plants.

Some other Important Terms:

1. Solar Cell

A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell, is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It consists of a thin semiconductor wafer, usually made of silicon, which absorbs photons of light and releases electrons, generating an electric current. Output of one PV cell is approx 0.5V.

2. Solar Module

A solar module is a collection of interconnected solar cells that work together to generate electrical power. The module is enclosed in a protective casing and is designed to withstand outdoor conditions. Generally, 72 cells make a solar module whose output will be 32V.

3. Solar Panel

A solar panel is a flat or angled collection of solar modules that are mounted together on a frame. The panels can be used to generate electricity for a variety of applications, including homes, businesses, and remote locations.

4. Array

A solar array is a collection of multiple solar panels that are connected together to generate electricity. The panels in an array are typically installed on a rooftop or on the ground in a sunny location.

5. Solar Park

A solar park is a large-scale solar power plant that uses a collection of solar panels or arrays to generate electricity. Solar parks can be located in remote areas or integrated into urban environments and can provide electricity to large numbers of homes and businesses.

Biggest Solar Park in World

  1. Bhadla Solar Park, India (2,245 MW)
  2. Huanghe Hydropower Hainan Solar Park, China (2,200 MW)
  3. Pavagada Solar Park, India (2,050 MW)
  4. Benban Solar Park, Egypt (1,650 MW)
  5. Tengger Desert Solar Park, China (1,547 MW)

Read Also: Solar Energy: Classification, Components, Advantages, & Disadvantages

What are portable solar panels?

Portable solar panels are small, lightweight solar panels that are designed to be easily transported and used on the go.
They typically consist of a set of solar cells mounted on a flexible or foldable substrate, which can be easily rolled up or folded for storage and transportation.

Portable solar panels are used to generate electricity in remote locations where access to grid electricity is limited or non-existent.
They are commonly used for camping, hiking, and other outdoor activities, as well as for emergency preparedness and disaster relief efforts.

Portable solar panels are available in a variety of sizes and configurations, ranging from small panels that can be used to charge mobile phones and other small devices, to larger panels that can power RVs or boats.
They are often paired with portable battery packs, which can store the electricity generated by the panels for later use.
Portable solar panels are a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuel-powered generators, and they offer the added benefit of being silent and emission-free. They can also help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon emissions.

What are Bifacial Solar Panels?

bifacial solar panels

Bifacial solar panels are a type of solar panel that can generate electricity from both sides of the panel.
They have a transparent back sheet that allows sunlight to pass through to the backside of the solar cells, which can then generate electricity from the reflected and scattered light.
Bifacial solar panels can offer higher energy yields compared to traditional solar panels because they are able to generate electricity from both direct and diffuse sunlight.

Bifacial solar panels are made using similar materials and manufacturing processes as traditional solar panels. However, they typically have a higher upfront cost due to their additional features and increased complexity. Bifacial solar panels can be installed in a similar way to traditional solar panels, either mounted on rooftops or on the ground in solar arrays.
Bifacial solar panels are particularly well-suited for installation in areas with a high albedo, which refers to the reflectivity of the surrounding surfaces.
This includes areas with white or reflective rooftops, snow-covered surfaces, or bodies of water. Bifacial solar panels can also be installed in single-axis or dual-axis tracking systems, which can further increase their energy yield.

How many solar panels do I need?

The number of solar panels you need depends on your consumption of energy and many other factors.
Basically, Look at your energy bills to determine your average daily and monthly energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
A typical residential solar system is between 3 kW and 8 kW.
The number of solar panels required will depend on the wattage of the solar panels you plan to use.
For example, a 300-watt solar panel will produce 300 watts of power per hour, and a 5-kW system will require approximately 16-17 solar panels of this size.

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Industries in Gurugram: A Major IT Hub of India

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Gurugram, also known as Gurgaon, is a city located in the northern Indian state of Haryana. It is situated approximately 30 kilometers south of New Delhi, the capital city of India. Gurugram is a rapidly growing city and is a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) of India.

In recent years, Gurugram has become a major hub for IT and outsourcing companies, with many international corporations having their offices located in the city. The city is also known for its upscale malls, luxury hotels, and fine-dining restaurants.

Gurugram is home to a number of famous landmarks and attractions, including the Kingdom of Dreams, a live entertainment destination, and the Sheetla Mata Mandir, a famous Hindu temple. Other popular attractions include the Ambience Mall, Cyber Hub, and Leisure Valley Park.

The city is well-connected to other parts of India and the world through its proximity to the Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Delhi Metro system. Additionally, Gurugram has a modern and efficient public transportation system, including buses and metro trains, which make it easy for residents and visitors to travel around the city.

Industries In Gurugram

Gurgaon is home to a diverse range of industries. Some of the major industries in Gurugram are:

Information Technology

  • IBM
  • Microsoft
  • Google

Automobiles

  • Maruti Suzuki
  • Hero MotoCorp
  • Yamaha Motor India

Banking and Finance

  • Citibank
  • HSBC
  • HDFC Bank
  • Axis Bank

Hospitality

  • The Leela Ambience Gurugram Hotel & Residences
  • The Oberoi
  • Trident

Pharmaceuticals

  • Ranbaxy Laboratories
  • Sun Pharmaceuticals

Real Estate

  • DLF
  • Unitech
  • Emaar India
  • M3M India

Pros to starting industries in Gurugram:

  1. Strategic Location: Gurugram is located near Delhi, the capital city of India, and is well-connected to other major cities in India. This makes it a convenient location for businesses that need to travel frequently or have clients in multiple locations.
  2. Skilled Workforce: Gurugram has a large pool of skilled workers, particularly in the areas of IT, finance, and engineering. This makes it easier for businesses to recruit and retain talented employees.
  3. Infrastructure: Gurugram has modern infrastructure, including a well-developed road network, metro connectivity, and reliable power and water supply. This makes it easier for businesses to operate smoothly and efficiently.
  4. Business-friendly policies: The government of Haryana has implemented a number of business-friendly policies, such as single-window clearance for setting up new businesses and incentives for industries in certain sectors.

Cons to start industries in Gurugram:

  1. High Cost of Living: Gurugram is known for its high cost of living, particularly in terms of housing and transportation. This can make it difficult for businesses to attract and retain employees, particularly those with families.
  2. Traffic Congestion: Gurugram is notorious for its traffic congestion, particularly during rush hour. This can lead to delays and disruptions in business operations.
  3. Competition: Gurugram is a competitive market, particularly in the IT and finance sectors. This can make it challenging for new businesses to establish themselves and compete with established players.
  4. Environmental Concerns: Gurugram has been grappling with environmental issues such as air pollution and waste management. This can create additional costs and regulatory compliance requirements for businesses.

It is important to weigh these factors carefully and conduct due diligence before making any investment decisions or before starting a career in a new city Gurugram. Some other important information before moving to a new city are as follows:

Shopping Malls:

  1. Ambience Mall
  2. MGF Metropolitan Mall
  3. DLF Mega Mall
  4. Galaxy Mall
  5. Good Earth City Centre

Schools:

  1. The Shri Ram School
  2. Pathways World School
  3. DPS International School
  4. Scottish High International School
  5. Heritage Xperiential Learning School

Hospitals:

  1. Medanta – The Medicity
  2. Fortis Memorial Research Institute
  3. Artemis Hospital
  4. Columbia Asia Hospital
  5. Paras Hospitals
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Bhiwadi: An industrial city You Should Know About

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Bhiwadi is part of Delhi NCR, situated in Alwar district. Bhiwadi is a rapidly developing area and is known for its industrial growth and real estate development. It is home to numerous manufacturing plants, factories, and warehouses of various industries such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, electronics, engineering, and automobile. The town has also seen significant residential development in recent years with the construction of several apartment complexes and gated communities. Bhiwadi is well-connected to major cities in the region by road and rail, and the nearest airport is in Delhi, which is about 70 km away. Delhi Mumbai Expressway is about 40 km away.

For someone who plans to start a career in Bhiwadi or wants to start/shift the industry in Bhiwadi, this article gives brief knowledge about this city.

Industries In Bhiwadi

According to Rajasthan Industries and Trade Directory, more than 150 industries are registered in different segments. Some of the industries in Bhiwadi are:

Textile industry:

  • Ginni Filaments Ltd.
  • Shree Rajasthan Syntex Ltd.
  • LNJ Bhilwara Group
  • Suryalakshmi Cotton Mills Ltd.

Pharmaceuticals industry:

  • Abbott India Ltd.
  • Pfizer Ltd.
  • Neelkanth Pharmaceuticals
  • Hiran Orgochem Ltd.

Engineering industry:

  • Bosch Ltd.
  • Daikin Airconditioning India Pvt. Ltd.
  • Honda Siel Cars India Ltd.
  • Saint Gobain India Pvt. Ltd.

Automobile industry:

  • Hero MotoCorp Ltd.
  • Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India Pvt. Ltd.
  • Honda Cars.
  • Rico Auto Industries Ltd.
  • Caparo Maruti Ltd.

Electronics industry:

  • Havells India Ltd.
  • Mitsui Prime Advanced Composites India Pvt. Ltd.
  • Omron Automation Pvt. Ltd.

Warehouses:

  • Prologis Bhiwadi Industrial Park
  • VSR Infratech Warehouses
  • Anant Raj Warehousing Parks Pvt. Ltd.
  • Shree Krishna Warehousing Co.

Bhiwadi is a fast-developing industrial town in Rajasthan. Before going further to start a new journey have to look at the Pros and Cons of Bhiwadi. Here are almost all kinds of segment industries working so it will be easy for B2B work here due to the availability of raw materials, Manpower, transportation, etc, but it will responsible for high competition also.

Pros:

  1. Strategic Location: Bhiwadi’s strategic location offers easy access to major cities in the region, making it an ideal location for businesses to set up their operations.
  2. Proximity to Major Markets: Bhiwadi is located in the National Capital Region, which is one of the largest consumer markets in India. This makes it easier for businesses to access a large consumer base.
  3. Industrial Infrastructure: Bhiwadi has a well-developed industrial infrastructure, including industrial parks, SEZs, and EPIPs, providing businesses with modern amenities and facilities.
  4. Skilled Workforce: Bhiwadi has a large and skilled workforce, with several technical and management institutes in the surrounding areas.
  5. Government Incentives: The government of Rajasthan and the central government offer several incentives and benefits to industries setting up operations in Bhiwadi, including tax holidays, subsidies, and financial assistance for infrastructure development.

Cons:

  1. Environmental Concerns: Bhiwadi has seen rapid industrialization in recent years, which has led to environmental concerns such as pollution, water scarcity, and waste disposal.
  2. Infrastructure Constraints: Although Bhiwadi has a well-developed industrial infrastructure, the town still faces challenges in areas such as transportation and sewage treatment.
  3. Competition: Bhiwadi is home to several established businesses and faces competition from other industrial towns and cities in the region.
  4. Real Estate Prices: Bhiwadi has seen significant real estate development in recent years, which has led to high property prices, making it more expensive for new businesses to set up operations in the town.
  5. Regulatory Challenges: Like any other location in India, Bhiwadi also faces regulatory challenges such as complex bureaucracy, corruption, and legal complexities that businesses may need to navigate.

It is important to weigh these factors carefully and conduct due diligence before making any investment decisions.

At last, if you are planning to start an industry or join an industry at Bhiwadi you have to check hospitals for emergency cases and schools for better education of children and other amenities for living that are:

Shopping malls

  1. Capital Mall, Bhiwadi
  2. Genesis Mall, Bhiwadi
  3. BB Mall, Bhiwadi
  4. BMG Mall, Rewari (located approximately 15 km from Bhiwadi)
  5. One Mall, Gurgaon (located approximately 35 km from Bhiwadi)

Hospitals:

  1. Fortis Hospital, Bhiwadi
  2. K K Hospital, Bhiwadi
  3. Apex Hospital, Bhiwadi
  4. Shree Ram Hospital, Bhiwadi
  5. Lifecare Hospital, Bhiwadi

Schools:

  1. St. Xavier’s School, Bhiwadi
  2. Modern Public School, Bhiwadi
  3. Cambridge International School, Bhiwadi
  4. Aditya Birla Public School, Bhiwadi
  5. Ryan International School, Bhiwadi

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